The Tempest was first performed in 1610-11, but was not printed until the 1623 Collected Works of Shakespeare (known as the First Folio). Shakespeare died in 1616 so he was not involved in preparing his play for publication. The Tempest is a short text in the First Folio, but it has vivid and memorable stage directions. Shakespeare scholar John Jowett demonstrated (in Shakespeare Survey 36 (1983), 107-20) that the wording of the stage directions is in many cases uncharacteristic of Shakespeare. Jowett showed that the scrivener (clerk or scribe) Ralph Crane worded many of the stage directions as he prepared the script for publication in the First Folio. The result is that some of the directions use vocabulary and phrases uncharacteristic of Shakespeare and convey a descriptive, literary feel rather than the usual briefer style of stage direction one finds in other plays by Shakespeare. It is possible that Crane based his wording of the stage directions on performances he’d seen of The Tempest after Shakespeare’s death and that he built on Shakespeare’s own briefer stage directions in a now-lost, original manuscript source.